sajm





SAJM VOL 31.2-5

Validation of Work-life Balance Measures – Experience from Universities Female Teachers

Jashan Jot*, Upasna Joshi Sethi** and Ritu Lehal***

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62206/sajm.31.2.2024.87-111

PUBLISHED :30 AUG 2024

Abstract

This study aims to validate the tool developed by Pareek and Joshi (2010) in the higher education sector, which has been administered in several sectors apart from the education sector. The study also aims to measure the six dimensions of work-life balance: personal needs, social needs, teamwork, time management, work, and compensation and benefits among female university teachers. A sample of 297 female university teachers was selected using purposive sampling based on NIRF 2019 rankings from top universities in Punjab State, India. The result suggests that these six dimensions play a significant role in measuring the work-life balance among female university teachers. Based on the mean score, the six dimensions were ranked in order of importance for maintaining work-life balance, with teamwork (3.05) being the most significant factor, followed by time management (2.98), social needs (2.96), compensation & benefits (2.75), personal needs (2.65), and work (2.50). The study further indicates the potential use of the same scale in the education sector and for examining work-life balance among women in other industries. Future researchers can use this validated instrument to study the work-life balance of women across various sectors.

Key Words

Female, Punjab, Teachers, Universities, Work-life Balance

Author Biography

Jashan Jot
Research Scholar, University School of Applied Management (USAM), Punjabi University, Patiala, India. E-mail: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it , This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

Upasna Joshi Sethi
Professor, University Institute of Applied Management Sciences (UIAMS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. E-mail: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it , This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

Ritu Lehal
Professor, University School of Applied Management (USAM), Punjabi University, Patiala, India. E-mail: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

References

  1. Ahmad, A. (1999). Gender role orientation of husbands and work-family conflict of wives in dual-earner families. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 6(2), 1-10
  2. Al-Alawi, A. I., Al-Saffar, E., AlmohammedSaleh, Z. H., Alotaibi, H., & Al-Alawi, E. I. (2021). A study of the effects of work-family conflict, family-work conflict, and work-life balance on Saudi female teachers’ performance in the public education sector with job satisfaction as a moderator. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 22(1), 486-503.
  3. Allam, Z. (2019). An inquisitive enquiry of work-life balance of employees: Evidences from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Management Science Letters, 9(2), 339-346.
  4. Awang, Z. (2012). A handbook on structural equation modeling using AMOS. Universiti Technologi MARA Press, Malaysia, 83-102.
  5. Bannigan, K., & Watson, R. (2009). Reliability and validity in a nutshell. Journal of clinical nursing, 18(23), 3237-3243.
  6. Barnett, R. C. (1998). Toward a review and reconceptualization of the work/family literature. Genetic Social and General Psychology Monographs, 124(2), 125-184.
  7. Bhandari, K., & Soni, H. (2015). Impact of gender, age and work experience on satisfaction towards work life balance (With Special Reference to Bank of Baroda, Udaipur). IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 48-53.
  8. Bielby, W. T., & Bielby, D. D. (1989). Family ties: Balancing commitments to work and family in dual earner households. American Sociological Review, 54(5), 776-789.
  9. Buddeberg-Fischer, B., Stamm, M., Buddeberg, C., Bauer, G., Hämmig, O., Knecht, M., & Klaghofer, R. (2010). The impact of gender and parenthood on physicians’ careers-professional and personal situation seven years after graduation. BMC Health Services Research, 10(1), 1-10.
  10. Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge.
  11. Byrne, B. M. (1998). Structural Equation Modeling with Lisrel, Prelis, and Simplis: basic concepts, applications, and programming.
  12. Campbell, D. J., Campbell, K. M., & Kennard, D. (1994). The effects of family responsibilities on the work commitment and job performance of non-professional women. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67(4), 283–296.
  13. Chandrasekar, K. S., Suma S. R., Nair, R. S., & Anu, S. R. (2013). Study on work- life balance among the executives in it industry with special reference to techno park, Trivandrum, Kerala. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR), 2(3), 35-52.
  14. Chen, F., Curran, P. J., Bollen, K. A., Kirby, J., & Paxton, P. (2008). An empirical evaluation of the use of fixed cutoff points in RMSEA test statistic in structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 36(4), 462-494.
  15. Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747-770.
  16. Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
  17. DeCarlo, L. T. (1997). On the meaning and use of kurtosis. Psychological Methods, 2(3), 292-307.
  18. Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2000). Introducing Lisrel: A guide for the Uninitiated.
  19. Dwivedi, H., & Khan, S. (2019). Work family balance and job satisfaction in women academicians of Northern India. ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 9(3), 158-165.
  20. Edwards, A. K., & Oteng, R. (2019). Attaining work-life balance and modeling the way among female teachers in Ghana. International Journal of Education Policy and Leadership, 15(7), 7.
  21. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  22. Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Prevalence of work-family conlict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 723-729.
  23. Gatrell, C. J., Burnett, S. B., Cooper, C. L., & Sparrow, P. (2013). Work–life balance and parenthood: A comparative review of definitions, equity and enrichment. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(3), 300-316.
  24. Glasgow, S., & Sang, K. (2016). Gender and work-life balance. Enterprise and its Business Environment, 135-150, Goodfellow Publishers Limited, Wolvercote.
  25. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics: And sex and drugs and rock ‘n’ roll, 4th edition. Sage eBooks.
  26. Greenblatt, E. (2002). Work-life balance: Wisdom or whining. Organizational Dynamics, 31(2), 177-193.
  27. Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76.
  28. Greenhaus, J. H., & Kossek, E. E. (2014). The contemporary career: A work home perspective. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 361-388.
  29. Greenhaus, J. H., & Parasuraman, S. (2002). The allocation of time to work and family roles. In American Psychological Association eBooks (pp. 115-128).
  30. Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work–family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510-531.
  31. Grzywacz, J. G., Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Wayne, J. H. (2007). A multilevel perspective on the synergies between work and family. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80(4), 559-574.
  32. Guest, D. E. (2002). Perspectives on the study of work-life balance. Information Sur Les Sciences Sociales/Social Science Information, 41(2), 255-279.
  33. Gunavathy, J. S. (2011). Work-life balance interventions prevalent in the Indian industry. South Asian Journal of Management, 18(2), 108-127.
  34. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  35. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Canonical correlation: A supplement to multivariate data analysis. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective, 7th Edition; Pearson Prentice Hall Publishing, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
  36. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1–2), 1-12.
  37. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th Edition, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River
  38. Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  39. Hu, L. T., and Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  40. Hutcheson, G. D., & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The Multivariate Social Scientist: Introductory Statistics using Generalized Linear Models, London; Sage Publications Ltd.
  41. John, A. C. (2015). Reliability and validity: A Sine Qua non for fair assessment of undergraduate technical and vocational education projects in Nigerian universities. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(34), 68-75.
  42. Joseph, J., & Sebastian, D. J. (2017). Work-life balance: A conceptual review. Mirror.
  43. Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401-415
  44. Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
  45. Kalliath, T., & Brough, P. (2008). Achieving work-life balance. Journal of Management & Organization, 14(3), 224-226.
  46. Kirchmeyer, C. (2000). Work-life initiatives: Greed or benevolence regarding workers’ time? In C. L. Cooper & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), Trends in Organizational Behavior, 79-93, Wiley, Chichester, UK.
  47. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 2nd Edition Guilford, 3, New York.
  48. Komarraju, M. (2006). Work-family conflict and sources of support amongst Malaysian dual-career employees. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 11(1), 83-96.
  49. Kopelman, R. E., Greenhaus, J. H., & Connolly, T. F. (1983). A model of work, family, and interrole conflict: A construct validation study. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32(2), 198-215.
  50. Lakshmi, K. S., & Gopinath, S. S. (2013). Work life balance of women employees— with reference to teaching faculties. Abhinav Journals, 2(3), 53-62.
  51. Leka, S., & De Alwis, S. (2016). Work, life and personality: The relationship between the big five personality traits and work-life conflict. South Asian Journal of Management, 23(4), 31-53.
  52. Mani, V. (2013). Work life balance and women professionals. Global Journal of Management and Business Research Interdisciplinary, 13(5).
  53. McCarthy, A. (2008). Flexible Working and Work-life Balance ‘WLB’. For: Finance & Management Feature, Accountancy Plus, Dublin: Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Ireland.
  54. Meenakshisundaram, M., & Panchanatham, N. (2012). A study of work-life balance of employees with reference to a garment industry-unit. AMET International Journal of Management, 3(1) 52-58.
  55. Mishra, R. (2014). Gender differences in work-life balance: Comparative study of public and private sector bank employees. Indian Journal of Community Psychology, 10(1), 88-95.
  56. Monica, M. (2015). A study on work life balance at State Bank of Mysore. International Journal of in Multidisciplinary and Academic Research, 4(3), 1-15.
  57. Morehead, A., Steele, M., Alexander, M., Stephen, K., & Duffin, L. (1997). Changes at work: The 1995 Australian workplace industrial relations survey. Melbourne: Longman.
  58. Naithani, D. P. (2016). Impact of health and recreation on work-life balance: A case study of expatriates. International Journal of Social Science and Business, 1(1), 1-21.
  59. National Institutional Ranking Framework (2019). NIRF India rankings 2019. Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.
  60. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory, 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York
  61. Padmasiri, M. K. D., & Mahalekamge, W. G. S. (2016). Impact of demographical factors on work life balance among academic staff of university of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. Journal of Education and Vocational Research, 7(1), 54-59.
  62. Pareek, U., & Joshi, A. (2010). Training instruments in human resource development & organisational development (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
  63. Powell, G. N., Greenhaus, J. H., Allen, T. D., & Johnson, R. E. (2019). Introduction to special topic forum: Advancing and expanding work-life theory from multiple perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 44(1), 54-71.
  64. Rajadhyaksha, U., & Velgach, S. (2009). Gender, gender role ideology and work family conflict in India. Academy of Management, Chicago, IL, USA.
  65. Raya, G. D. D. R. P. (2013b). A study on work life balance in working women. IRACST. International Journal of Commerce, Business and Management (IJCBM).
  66. Raykov, T. (1997). Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures. Applied Psychological Measurement, 21(2), 173-184.
  67. Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893-898.
  68. Sundaresan, S. (2014). Work-life balance–Implications for working women. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(7), 93-102.
  69. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2006). Using Multivariate Statistics, 5th Edition, Allyn and Bacon Boston.
  70. West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normally distributed variables: Problems and remedies. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 588-621.
  71. Westman, M., Jones, F., & Burke, R. J. (2006). Work-life balance: A psychological perspective. East Sussex (UK): Psychology Press.
  72. Whitehead, T., & Kotze, M. E. (2003). Career and life-balance of professional women: A South African study. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 1(3), 77-84
  73. Y1lmaz, S., & Söyük, S. (2022). Determination of work-life balance in healthcare professionals: Validity and reliability of the new work-life balance scale. Arch Health Sci Res, 9(2), 130-137.